Before utilising the nano-emulsions, we measured their polydispersity index and mean droplet size by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Fresh licorice roots were immersed in CEN at various concentrations (150, 300, 600, 12 µl/l). Relative humidity (RH) and temperature were simulated in desiccators along with various salt solutions in incubators. The experiments were performed under simulated conditions of all four seasons (i.e. Here, we aimed to investigate the control efficacy of CEO in nano-emulsions (CEN) against OTA production in licorice roots and rhizomes during storage. As a natural antifungal agent, clove essential oil (CEO) is a substance generally recognised as safe (GRAS) and shows strong activity against fungal pathogens. Azoxystrobin + propiconazole, CL, AzP + BL, AzP + EO, AzP + BS all provided ≤15% disease severity and ≥7 visual turfgrass quality 14 days after the last application in year 2.Īccording to toxicity data, ochratoxin A (OTA) is the second most important mycotoxin and is produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium. All reduced synthetic programs, except CL + EO, provided acceptable disease severity (≤15%) at the end of year 1 and acceptable (≥7) turfgrass visual quality. Synthetic fungicides were used at reduced rates in combination with biological control agents, to evaluate curative control efficacy of various combinations. Treatments included the following: Bacillus subtilis (BS) plant extract oils (EO) including clove oil + wintergreen oil + thyme oil extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (RS) Bacillus licheniformis (BL) chlorothalonil (CL) and azoxystrobin + propiconazole (AzP). Four replications of 1.5 × 1.5-m plots were used in the experimental design. The objective of the studies was to evaluate biological control agents (BCAs) and synthetic fungicides at reduced rates for their efficacy controlling dollar spot. Field studies were conducted at Clemson University, Clemson, SC, on a creeping bentgrass putting green for 2 consecutive years from August to October in year 1 and July to September in year 2. Dollar spot (DS) affects both cool- and warm-season grasses, during a wide range of environmental conditions. Bennett, one of the causal agents of dollar spot, is the most widespread pathogen in turfgrass systems.
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